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Essay Instructions: a. explain how thought focused treatment systems are inherently different from psychoanalytical/psychodynamic approches in treating psychological dysfunctions.
b. In REBT, 'rational' means that which helps people achieve their basic goals and purposes. Therefore, irrational beliefs are those that interfere with goals. Do a web search and find and list the eleven or twelve Irrational Beliefs (called "IB's) used by REBT therapists. Choose two of them and provide examples of each.
c) cognitive therapy is directed at common cognitive distortions , or faultty thought patterns. These send us into depression. Examine the list of cognitive distortions based on Arron Becks work. Choose two and provide examples of each.
d) explain briefly the terms 'shaping" and "token economies" used in behavioral based therapies and give an example for each.

Essay Instructions: A formal paper, no longer than 15 pages (including references)(in current APA format), that gives an opportunity for students to articulate their understanding of how constructivist perspectives underlie the briefer therapies and how that perspective "squares" with their own perspectives about how to affect human behavior change.


Texts: Presbury, J.H., Echterling,L.G, & McKee, J.E. (2008). Beyond brief counseling and therapy: An integrative approach (2nd Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson/Merill Prentice-Hall

Maturana, H.R. & Varela, F,J. (1998). The tree of knowledge: The biological roots of human understanding (Revised Edition). boston: Shambhala

Essay Instructions: 3-4 page research paper on Sigmund Freud. What were his theories, his therapies and his influence on our culture? What do people think of him today? Please do not write a biography on Freud, the professor isn't interested in where he was born, who his parents were, etc.

MLA Style to cite sources.

Essay Instructions: Compare and contrast gestalt and behavioral therapies. Discuss the assessment of each therapy and how they are used in counseling. Use at least 2 journal articles in the paper.