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Essay Instructions: The paper is for a Interdisciplinary Inquiry class and is intended to be reflective of what was learned during the course. The course objective was to gain an understanding of the concept of paradigms and paradigm shifts. Paper should address the concept of paradigms and paradigm shifts as they relate to my work in the business (management theory)world. Is the concept of paradigm applicable in the business world as it is in the natural sciences (Kuhn)?

Essay Instructions: In order to understand how shifting paradigms affect one's ability to effectuate change, it might be wise to focus your attention on the meaning of the word "paradigm". A paradigm refers to a pattern or a model. It may also be thought of as a way of doing something. Paradigms also shift or change over the years - hence the term "shifting paradigm". Paradigm shifts occur slowly and some individuals are more perceptive than others in identifying these changes. It is important to understand why this is true. If a person becomes deeply and strongly rooted into any process of doing something, it may become difficult to see and/or accept changing patterns in life. In order to understand this concept, think of the paradigm change that took place with respect to watches. The Swiss held the market share of the industry and failed to see the changing paradigm as the quartz watch developed. It is important to ask the question, "What blocked their ability to see the "changing landscape"? Surely, the Swiss were intelligent individuals who had captured the respect of the world for creating watches that distinguished themselves from many others. Yet, they were unable to identify the shifting paradigm in their own industry.

Another example of shifting paradigms has taken place in the healthcare industry. The practice of medicine has drastically changed in the last 15 years whereby physicians who once practiced medicine independently are now employees of large HMO's. Furthermore, the merging of hospitals and eliminating duplication of services is evident.
If you focus your attention on the field of education - both public and private, and law enforcement, think of paradigm shifts that have taken place over the past century. Here are a few questions to consider: Historically, what are the paradigms that are imbedded in schooling and in law enforcement? Were the individuals who addressed the shifting paradigms from within or outside the institution? Is it easier to identify a shifting paradigm if one is not part of an organization? Who has the power to shift paradigms in public and private education and law enforcement?

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Essay Instructions: Request for Awest!

I would like to complete a Doctorate (PhD) in Sociology of Business and Science. The main objective is to discover the changes in business from the time of the formation of the illuminati and suppression of science linked to business, the revolutionary times in Europe to the democracy and free trade we have today. The pioneers and their assistance with Knights Templar, Free Masons and other sociological and science societies that have brought us to today. This includes dark and middle ages up to the present powers. Pls include Thomas Kuhn, Galileo, Newton etc and the societies they belonged to. The paradigm shift, development of economies and knowledge revolution related to business.

Essay Instructions: Global Changes in the Missiology of the 20th Century (40 pages needed by 15 February 2010)



The aim of this chapter is to examine influential ideas that shaped mission thinking over the last century. It will seek to point out to some theological differences and emphases represented by the various confessional groups such as evangelicals, ecumenical and Eastern Orthodox Church. At the same time it will seek to identify points of convergence in missionary thinking developed in the course of 20th Century that go across national and confessional boundaries. Not all missiological shifts are defined, described or included here. The main focus is on discernable changes, shifting in emphasis on the role and understanding of Church in mission, particularly in Pentecostal missiology vis-Ã -vis ecumenical missiology..

Therefore, this chapter consists of two closely related sections. The first one, traces the shape the Church has taken throughout its missionary worldwide expansion, especially in the light of dominating three-self formula of the 19th century and the gradual theological shift of emphasis from a Church-centred mission’ to a mission-centred Church’.

The second section will examine the relationship between kingdom, Church and world in the mission of God (Missio Dei) the search for a holistic missiology that dominated much of the missiological discourse in the second half of the 20th century. It will start to explore the new focus on the Trinitarian character of mission that had been evidenced after the Willingen meeting of 1952.

This will not be an exhaustive study of the subject and it aims to identify some of the main outlines and directions of Church in mission by the end of 20th Century.



Useful bibliography for this chapter:

Bosch, D.J., 1991. Transforming mission : paradigm shifts in theology of mission, Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books.

Wilbert R. Shenk, Changing Frontiers of Mission (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1999)

Phillips, James M and Robert T Coote, Toward the 21st Century in Christian Mission, Eerdmans, 1993

Anderson, Gerald “Christian Mission in A. D. 2000: A Glance Backward,”. Missiology July, 2000, pp. 275 – 290

Escobar, Samuel, A Time for Mission: The Challenge for Global Christianity (Leicester: InterVarsity Press, 2003

Tim, Chester. Awakening to a World of Need: The Recovery of Evangelical Social Action Tim Chester (IVP, 1993)

Terry, John Mark (2000), "Indigenous Churches", in Moreau, A. Scott, Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, pp. 483-485

The Continuing Conversion of the Church (The gospel & our culture series) by Darrell L. Guder (2000)

YATES, TIMOTHY. Christian Mission in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge. University Press, 1994.

Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions, (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2001) by A. Scott Moreau Here several authors are of use to the topic.

Hiebert, Paul G. “Missiological Education for a Global Era.” In Missiological Education for the 21st Century, ed.. J. Dudley Woodberry, Charles Van Engen, and Edgar J. Elliston. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1997.

Hiebert Paul G. Critical Contextualization, International Bulletin of Missonary Research, Col.11. No.3, pp. 104-112.

Pierson Paul E. Great Awakenings .in Moreau, A. Scott, Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books.

Sanneh lamin. Theology of Mission in David F. Ford, editor, The Modern. Theologians, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1997

Kirk J. Andrew, What is Mission? Theological Explorations. London:DLT 1999

Scherer James. Church, Kingdom and Missio Dei: Lutheran and Orthodox Correctives to Recent Ecumenical Mission Theology, in Charles van Engen The Good News Of The Kingdom: Mission Theology For The Third Millennium. 1999

Wilbert Shenk, “The Mission Dynamic,” in Mission in Bold Humility: David Bosch’s Work Considered, ed. Willem Saayman and Klippies Kritzinger (Maryknoll: Orbis.,1996







Pentecostalism bibliography

Alvarsson, Jan-Åke 1999. “Conversion to Pentecostalism among Ethnic Minorities”. SMT: Swedish Missiological Themes/ Svensk Missions Tidskrift 87:3 (359-388)



Amstutz, John L 1994. “Foursquare Missions: Doing More with Less”. Pneuma 16:1 (63-80)



Anderson, Allan H 1999. “The Pentecostal Gospel and Third World Cultures”, Paper given at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Pentecostal Studies, Toward Healing Our Divisions: Reflecting on Pentecostal Diversity and Common Witness (Vol I), Springfield, Missouri, March 1999



— 1999 “The Study of Pentecostalism and the Research Unit for New Religions and Christian Churches”, SMT: Swedish Missiological Themes/ Svensk Missions Tidskrift 87:3 (447-452)



— 1999 “The Gospel and Culture in Pentecostal Missions in the Third World”, Missionalia 27:2 (220-30)



— 1999. “The Pentecostal Gospel and Third World Cultures.” SPS Vol. 1



— 1999 “African Pentecostals in Mission”, SMT: Swedish Missiological Themes/ Svensk Missions Tidskrift 87:3 (389-404)



— 2000 “Signs and Blunders: Pentecostal Mission Issues at ‘Home and Abroad’ in the Twentieth Century.” SPS Vol. 1



— 2000 ‘The Gospel and African Religion’, International Review of Mission 89: 354 (373-383)



— 2000. ‘Signs and Blunders: Pentecostal Mission Issues at “Home and Abroad” in the Twentieth Century’, Journal of Asian Mission 2:2, September 2000 (193-210)



— 2001. "The Forgotten Dimension: Education for Pentecostal-Charismatic Spirituality in Global Perspective." SPS



— 2002. ‘Christian Missionaries and “Heathen Natives”: The Cultural Ethics of Early Pentecostal Missionaries’, JEPTA: Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association XXII, 2002 (4-29).



Anderson, Bradford A 2006 'Missional Orientation and its Implications for Pentecostal Education', JEPTA 26:2 (134-46)



Bonino, José Miguez 1994. “Pentecostal Missions is More than what it Claims”. Pneuma 16:2 (283-288)



Bundy, Davie D 2000. “Problems and Promises: Pentecostal Mission in the Context of Global Pentecostalism..” SPS Vol. 1



Cavaness, Barbara 1994.. “God Calling: Women in Assemblies of God Missions”. Pneuma 16:1 (49-62)



French, Talmadge L 2000. “The Whole Gospel to the Whole World: A History of Missions of Oneness Pentecostalism.” SPS Vol. 1



Garrard, David J 2006 'Questionable Assumptions in the Theory and Practice of Mission', JEPTA 26:2 (102-12)



Greenway, Roger S 1994. “Protestant Missionary Activity in Latin America”, in Miller, Daniel R (ed). Coming of Age: Protestantism in Contemporary Latin America. Washington: University Press of America (175-204)



Gros, Jeffrey 1991. “An Ecumenical Perspective on Pentecostal Missions”, in Dempster, M W, Klaus, B D & Petersen, D (eds), Called and Empowered: Global Mission in Pentecostal Perspective. Peabody: Hendrickson (285-298)



Hodges, Melvin L 1986. “A Pentecostal’s View of Mission Strategy”, in L Grant McClung (ed), Azusa Street and Beyond: Pentecostal Missions and Church Growth in the Twentieth Century. South Plainfield, NJ: Bridge Publishing (82-89)



Hollenweger, Walter J 1986. “After Twenty Years’ Research on Pentecostalism”. International Review of Mission 75:29 (3-12)



— 1995. “Evangelism: A Non-Colonial Model”. JPT 7 (107-128)



— 1998. “Fire from Heaven: A Testimony by Harvey Cox”. Pneuma 20:2 (197-204)



Johns, Jackie David 1999. “Yielding to the Spirit: The Dynamics of a Pentecostal Model of Praxis”, Dempster, MW, Klaus, BD & Petersen, D (eds), The Globalization of Pentecostalism: A Religion Made to Travel. Oxford: Regnum Books (30-51)



Johnson, Alan R 2000. “Frontier Missions and Beyond: An Emerging Paradigm for Missions in the 21st Century.” SPS Vol. 2



Johnson, Todd M 1992. “Global Plans in the Pentecostal/Charismatic Tradition and the Challenge of the Unevangelized World, World A”, in Jongeneel, Jan A B, ao (eds) Pentecost, Mission and Ecumenism Essays on Intercultural Theology. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang (197-206)



Jongeneel, Jan A B 1992. “Ecumenical, Evangelical and Pentecostal/ Charismtic Views on Mission as a Movement of the Holy Spirit”, in Jongeneel, Jan A B, ao (eds) Pentecost, Mission and Ecumenism Essays on Intercultural Theology. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang (231-246)



Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti 1999. “Mission, Spirit and Eschatology: An Outline of a Pentecostal-Charismatic Theology of Mission”. Mission Studies 16:1, 31 (73-94)



— 2000. “’From the Ends of the Earth to the Ends of the Earth’: The Expansion of the Finnish Pentecostal Missions from 1927 to 1997”, JEPTA XX (116-131)



Kay, Peter 1999. “The Pentecostal Missionary Union and the Fourfold Gospel with Baptism in the Holy Spirit and Speaking in Tongues: A New Power for Missions?”. JEPTA 19 (89-104)



¾ 2006 'Personal reflections on Incarnation as the Model for Mission', JEPTA 26:2 (127-34)



Kay, William K 2006 'Apostolic Networks and Mission', JEPTA 26:2 (156-67)



Gee, Donald 1986. “Spiritual Gifts and World Evangelisation”, in L Grant McClung (ed), Azusa Street and Beyond: Pentecostal Missions and Church Growth in the Twentieth Century. South Plainfield, NJ: Bridge Publishing (62-67)



Klaus, Byron D 1991. “National Leadership in Pentecostal Missions”, in Dempster, M W, Klaus, B D & Petersen, D (eds), Called and Empowered: Global Mission in Pentecostal Perspective. Peabody: Hendrickson (225-241)



— 1994. “Missiological Reflections on Twentieth-Century Pentecostal Missions: North American Perspectives”. Pneuma 16:1 (3-10)



— 1999.. “Challenges to Pentecostal Mission Praxis in the 21st Century”, SPS Vol. 2



— 2005. "The Holy Spirit and Mission in Eschatological Perspective: A Pentecostal Viewpoint", Pneuma 27:2 (322-342)



— 2007. 'Pentecostalism and Mission', Missiology 35:1 (January 2007), 39-54.



Kraft, Charles H 1991. “A Third Wave Perspective on Pentecostal Missions”, in Dempster, M W, Klaus, B D & Petersen, D (eds), Called and Empowered: Global Mission in Pentecostal Perspective. Peabody: Hendrickson (299-312)



Lord, Andrew M 1997. “Mission Eschatology: A Framework for Mission in the Spirit”. JPT 11 (111-123)



— 2000. “The Voluntary Principle in Pentecostal Missiology”, JPT 17 (81-95)



— 2003. ‘The Pentecostal-Moltmann Dialogue: Implications for mission’, JPT 11:2 (271-287)



Ma, Julie C. 2007. 'Pentecostalism and Asian Mission', Missiology 35:1 (January 2007), 23-37.



McClung, L Grant 1985. “From BRIDGES (McGavran 1955) to WAVES (Wagner 1983): Pentecostals and the Church Growth Movement”. Pneuma 7:1 (5-18)



— 1986. “Truth on Fire: Pentecostals and an Urgent Missiology”, in L Grant McClung (ed), Azusa Street and Beyond: Pentecostal Missions and Church Growth in the Twentieth Century. South Plainfield, NJ: Bridge Publishing (47-55)



— 1986. “Spontaneous Strategy of the Spirit”, in L Grant McClung (ed), Azusa Street and Beyond: Pentecostal Missions and Church Growth in the Twentieth Century. South Plainfield, NJ: Bridge Publishing (71-80)



— 1986. “Another 100 Years? Which Way for Pentecostal Missions?”, in L Grant McClung (ed), Azusa Street and Beyond: Pentecostal Missions and Church Growth in the Twentieth Century. South Plainfield, NJ: Bridge Publishing (137-149)



— 1986. “Annotated Bibliography of Pentecostal Missions”, in L Grant McClung (ed), Azusa Street and Beyond: Pentecostal Missions and Church Growth in the Twentieth Century. South Plainfield, NJ: Bridge Publishing (173-236)



— 1994. “Pentecostal/Charismatic Perspectives on a Missiology for the Twenty-First Century”. Pneuma 16:1 (11-22)



— 1999. “’Try to Get People Saved’: Revisiting the Paradigm of an Urgent Pentecostal Missiology”, Dempster, MW, Klaus, BD & Petersen, D (eds), The Globalization of Pentecostalism: A Religion Made to Travel. Oxford: Regnum Books (30-51)



McGavran, Donald A 1986. “What Makes Pentecostal Churches Grow?”, in L Grant McClung (ed), Azusa Street and Beyond: Pentecostal Missions and Church Growth in the Twentieth Century. South Plainfield, NJ: Bridge Publishing (120-123)



McGee, Gary B 1988. “The Azusa Street Revival and Twentieth-Century Missions”. International Bulletin of Missionary research 12:2 (58-61)



— 1991. “Pentecostal Strategies for Global Mission: A Historical Assessment”, in Dempster, M W, Klaus, B D & Petersen, D (eds), Called and Empowered: Global Mission in Pentecostal Perspective. Peabody: Hendrickson (203-224)



— 1992. “Pentecostal Mission Strategies: A Historical Review”. Missionalia 20:1 (19-27)



— 1994.. “Pentecostal Missiology: Moving beyond Triumphalism to Face the Issues”. Pneuma 16:2 (275-282)



— 1997. “’Power from on High’: A Historical Perspective on the Radical Strategy in Missions”, in Ma, W & Menzies, R P (eds), Pentecostalism in Context: Essays in Honor of William W Menzies. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press (317-336)



— 1998. “The Legacy of Melvin L Hodges”. International Bulletin of Missionary Research 22:1 (20-24)



— 1999. “The Debate Over ‘Missionary Tongues’ Among Radical Evangelicals: 1881-1897.” SPS Vol. 2



Newberry, Warren 2001. "Signs and Wonders in Twenty-First Century Pentecostal Missiology: Continuation, Domestication or Abdication?" SPS



Pfister, Raymond R 2000. “The Ecumenical Challenge of Pentecostal Missions: A European Pentecostal Perspective for the 21st Century.” SPS Vol.2



Pate, Larry D 1991. “Pentecostal Missions from the Two-Thirds World”, in Dempster, M W, Klaus, B D & Petersen, D (eds), Called and Empowered: Global Mission in Pentecostal Perspective. Peabody: Hendrickson (242-258)



Pomerville, Paul 1986. “The Pentecostals and Growth”, in L Grant McClung (ed), Azusa Street and Beyond: Pentecostal Missions and Church Growth in the Twentieth Century. South Plainfield, NJ: Bridge Publishing (150-155)



Pousson, Edward Keith 1994. “A ‘Great Century’ of Pentecostal/Charismatic Renewal and Missions”. Pneuma 16:1 (81-100)



Powers, Janet Evert 2000. “Missionary Tongues?”, JPT 17 (39-55)



Robeck, Cecil M. Jr.. 2007. 'Pentecostalism and Mission: From Azusa Street to the Ends of the Earth', Missiology 35:1 (January 2007), 75-92.



Richie, Tony 2006. "Azusa-Era Optimism: Bishop J.H. King’s Pentecostal Theology of Religions as a Possible Paradigm for Today", JPT 14:2 (247-260)



Saayman, Willem 1993. “Some Reflections on the Development of the Pentecostal Mission Model in South Africa”. Missionalia 21:1 (40-56)



Tarr, Dell 1991. “Preaching the Word in the Power of the Spirit: A Cross-Cultural Analysis”, in Dempster, M W, Klaus, B D & Petersen, D (eds), Called and Empowered: Global Mission in Pentecostal Perspective. Peabody: Hendrickson (120-136)



Wagner, C Peter 1986. “Characteristics of Pentecostal Church Growth”, in L Grant McClung (ed), Azusa Street and Beyond: Pentecostal Missions and Church Growth in the Twentieth Century. South Plainfield, NJ: Bridge Publishing (124-132)



— 1991. “A Church Growth Perspective on Pentecostal Missions”, in Dempster, M W, Klaus, B D & Petersen, D (eds), Called and Empowered: Global Mission in Pentecostal Perspective. Peabody: Hendrickson (265-284)



Wilson, Michael D. 2007 "Contending for Tongues: W.W. Simpson's Pentecostal Experience in Northwest China", Pneuma 29:2 (281-298)



Yong, Amos, 2007 . 'The Spirit of Hospitality: Pentecostal Perspectives toward a Performative Theology of Interreligious Encounter', Missiology 35:1 (January 2007), 55-73.



Zimmerman, Thomas F 1986. “The Reason for the Rise of the Pentecostal Movement”, in L Grant McClung (ed), Azusa Street and Beyond: Pentecostal Missions and Church Growth in the Twentieth Century. South Plainfield, NJ: Bridge Publishing